Immersion Cooling

<p>Immersion cooling places entire server boards, with or without modification, into tanks containing a non-conductive dielectric fluid. Heat is transferred directly from components to the fluid, eliminating the need for fans and dramatically improving thermal efficiency.</p><p>Two variants exist. Single-phase immersion uses a fluid (typically engineered fluorocarbon or synthetic oil) that remains liquid; heat is removed by pumping fluid to an external heat exchanger. Two-phase immersion uses a fluid with a low boiling point — vapour bubbles form at hot components, rise to a condenser at the top of the tank, and liquid rains back down. Two-phase offers higher heat flux capability but is more complex to operate and has higher fluid cost.</p><p>Immersion cooling can support rack densities of 200 kW and above, enables the use of much warmer supply temperatures (up to 45°C), and eliminates fan power. Server vendors are increasingly certifying hardware for single-phase immersion, making it more accessible for production AI workloads.</p>